{"id":666,"date":"2018-11-29T20:04:48","date_gmt":"2018-11-29T18:04:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chikov.com\/primeren-izpit-po-anglijski-ezik-v-britanski-universitet-variant-3\/"},"modified":"2018-11-29T20:04:48","modified_gmt":"2018-11-29T18:04:48","slug":"primeren-izpit-po-anglijski-ezik-v-britanski-universitet-variant-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chikov.com\/en\/primeren-izpit-po-anglijski-ezik-v-britanski-universitet-variant-3\/","title":{"rendered":"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0438\u0437\u043f\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 &#8211; \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 3"},"content":{"rendered":"<div>\n<p>\u0412 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u044a\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438. \u0415\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a \u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044a\u0442 ELPT. \u0422\u043e\u0439 \u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d, \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430 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\u0442\u0443\u043a \u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430. \u0421\u044a\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0432\u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u0438\u043c \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442.<\/p>\n<p>ELPT \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u044a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 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\u0441\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0441 \u0442\u044f\u0445. \u0417\u0430 \u043f\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442 \u0449\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435 10 \u0432\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430, \u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u2013 20. \u0412\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e. <strong>\u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440: 50 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0438<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0429\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438 (\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043c) 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\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u044f\u0445. \u041f\u044a\u0440\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441 \u0441\u0435 \u0432\u044a\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044a\u0436, \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441 \u0441\u0435 \u0432\u044a\u0437\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u044a\u0442\u0438. \u0412\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0442\u0438\u043f. <strong>\u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440: 40 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\u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0435\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e-\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0443. \u041f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438 \u0432\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430. \u0421\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 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\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0449\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435. <strong>\u0414\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435: 10 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0438<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041f\u041e\u0414\u0413\u041e\u0422\u041e\u0412\u041a\u0410 \u0417\u0410 \u0412\u0410\u0428\u0415\u0422\u041e \u0418\u041d\u0422\u0415\u0420\u0412\u042e \u0412 \u0423\u041d\u0418\u0412\u0415\u0420\u0421\u0418\u0422\u0415\u0422\u0410<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>1) \u0417\u0430\u0449\u043e \u201e\u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438\u201c \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441?<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u041a\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044e\u0442\u0430, \u0449\u0435 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0439\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438. \u0410\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0448\u0430\u043d\u0441 \u0434\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044e\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u044f, \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430. \u041e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044e\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0449\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435. \u041a\u043e\u0438 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\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430 \u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0435\u043a\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u0430.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>5) \u0416\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0412\u044a\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0447\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0449\u0435, \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044e\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0449\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442. \u041f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0447\u0430\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0435 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0448\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0449\u0435 \u0432\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043d\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0440\u0430.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0421\u042a\u0412\u0415\u0422\u0418:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044e\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0430 \u0447\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0430 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \/ \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u044f\u0445, \u0430\u043a\u043e \u0432\u044a\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u0430\u0442 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044e\u0442\u0430.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0411\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0441\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435. \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044e\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0447\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a, \u043a\u043e\u0439\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0438\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d \u0437\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0449\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441. \u041d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0439\u0442\u0435, \u0447\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044e\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u0441\u044a\u0449\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u044a\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0438\u044f\u0442 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\u041e\u0442\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044e\u0442\u043e 15 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e-\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e. \u0410\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u044a\u0441\u043d\u0435\u0435\u0442\u0435, \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0448\u043e \u0432\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044e\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u0442\u044a\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0447\u0430\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430. \u0412 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0447\u0435 \u0431\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u044a\u0437\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u044f\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044e\u0442\u043e, \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u0432\u044a\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e-\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e. \u0410\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044e\u0442\u0430 \u0449\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0443\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0448\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\u041e\u0442\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \/ \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044e\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0438\u044f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0420\u0410\u0417\u0414\u0415\u041b \u201e\u0421\u041b\u0423\u0428\u0410\u041d\u0415\u201c<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>ELPT \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b: \u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0435 1<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0435 1<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>(A customer has been arranging with a shipping agent to send a large box overseas. This is\u00a0<\/em><em>the last part of the conversation.) <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><em>(\u041a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043b \u0441 \u0430\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0447\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u0422\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0435\u00a0<\/em><em>\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430.)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><strong>A <\/strong>OK right. Now obviously insurance is an important thing to consider and\u00a0our companies are able to offer very good rates in a number of different\u00a0all-inclusive packages.<\/p>\n<p><strong>B <\/strong>Sorry, could you explain a bit more?<\/p>\n<p><strong>A <\/strong>Yes, sorry, um. There\u2019s really three rates according to quality of insurance\u00a0cover \u2013 there\u2019s the highest comprehensive cover which is Premium rate,\u00a0then there\u2019s standard rate and then there\u2019s economy rate. That one will\u00a0only cover the cost of the contents second hand.<\/p>\n<p><strong>B <\/strong>Oh I\u2019ve been stung before with economy insurance so I\u2019ll go for the\u00a0highest.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A <\/strong>Mh\u2019hm and can I just check would you want home delivery or to a local\u00a0depot or would you want to pick it up at the nearest port?<\/p>\n<p><strong>B <\/strong>The port\u2019d be fine \u2013 I\u2019ve got transport that end.<\/p>\n<p><strong>A <\/strong>Fine and will you be paying by credit card?<\/p>\n<p><strong>B <\/strong>Can I pay by cheque?<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>ELPT \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b: \u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0435 2<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0421\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0435 2<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>(Two friends, Rachel and Paul, are discussing studying with the Open University. Rachel\u00a0<\/em><em>has already done a course at the university, but Paul has not. The extract relating to these\u00a0<\/em><em>questions comes from the last part of the recording.) <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><em>(\u0414\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0420\u0435\u0439\u0447\u044a\u043b \u0438 \u041f\u043e\u043b, \u043e\u0431\u0441\u044a\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 Open University. \u0420\u0435\u0439\u0447\u044a\u043b \u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435 \u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u0432 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u041f\u043e\u043b \u043d\u0435 \u0435. \u041e\u0442\u043a\u044a\u0441\u044a\u0442, \u0441\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0437\u0430\u043d \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438 \u0432\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438, \u0438\u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430.)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Paul <\/strong>The other thing I wanted to ask you was, did you find it hard,\u00a0studying with the Open University?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rachel <\/strong>You mean, because you\u2019re studying on your own, most of the time?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Paul <\/strong>Mm.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rachel <\/strong>Well it took me a while to get used to it. I found I needed to maintain a high level of motivation, because it\u2019s so different from school.\u00a0There\u2019s no-one saying, \u2018Why haven\u2019t you written your assignment\u00a0yet?\u2019 and that sort of thing.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Paul <\/strong>Oh dear.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rachel <\/strong>You\u2019ll learn it, Paul. Another thing was that I got very good at timemanagement\u00a0because I had to fit time for studying round a full-time\u00a0job.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Paul <\/strong>Well I\u2019m hoping to change to working part-time, so that\u2019ll help.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rachel <\/strong>What makes it easier is that the degree is made up of modules, so\u00a0you can take time off between them if you need to. It isn\u2019t like a\u00a0traditional three-or four-year course, where you\u2019ve got to do the\u00a0whole thing of it in one go.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Paul <\/strong>That\u2019s good, because I\u2019d like to spend six months travelling next\u00a0year.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rachel <\/strong>Huh, it\u2019s all right for some. Then even though you\u2019re mostly studying\u00a0at home, remember you\u2019ve got tutors to help you, and from time to\u00a0time there are summer schools. They usually last a week. They\u2019re\u00a0great, because you meet all the other people struggling with the\u00a0same things as you. I\u2019ve made some really good friends that way.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Paul <\/strong>Sounds good. So how do I apply?<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0412\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0435 1: \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d \u0438\u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>\u0412\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438 1 \u0438 2<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><em>\u0418\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430, <strong>A<\/strong>, <strong>B <\/strong>\u0438\u043b\u0438 <strong>C<\/strong>.<\/em><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>(\u041a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043b \u0441 \u0430\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0447\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u0422\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0435\u00a0<\/em><em>\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430.)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>1 Type of insurance chosen<\/p>\n<p><strong>A <\/strong>Economy<\/p>\n<p><strong>B <\/strong>Standard<\/p>\n<p><strong>C <\/strong>Premium<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>2 Customer wants goods delivered to<\/p>\n<p><strong>A <\/strong>port<\/p>\n<p><strong>B <\/strong>home<\/p>\n<p><strong>C <\/strong>depot<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0412\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0435 2: \u0414\u043e\u043f\u044a\u043b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>\u0412\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438 3 \u2013 6<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><em>\u041f\u043e\u043f\u044a\u043b\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e-\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0443.\u00a0<\/em><em>\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442\u0435 <strong>\u041d\u0415 \u041f\u041e\u0412\u0415\u0427\u0415 \u041e\u0422 \u0414\u0412\u0415 \u0414\u0423\u041c\u0418 <\/strong>\u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>(\u0414\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0420\u0435\u0439\u0447\u044a\u043b \u0438 \u041f\u043e\u043b, \u043e\u0431\u0441\u044a\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 Open University. \u0420\u0435\u0439\u0447\u044a\u043b \u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435 \u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u0432 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u041f\u043e\u043b \u043d\u0435 \u0435.)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Studying with the Open University demanded a great deal of <strong>3 <\/strong>\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.<\/p>\n<p>Studying and working at the same time improved Rachel\u2019s <strong>4 <\/strong>\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u00a0skills.<\/p>\n<p>It was helpful that the course was structured in <strong>5 <\/strong>\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n<p>She enjoyed meeting other students at <strong>6 <\/strong>\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u041e\u0422\u0413\u041e\u0412\u041e\u0420\u0418<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 1<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1 C<\/p>\n<p>2 A<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 2<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>3 motivation<\/p>\n<p>4 time(-)management<\/p>\n<p>5 modules<\/p>\n<p>6 summer school(s)<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u0418\u0437\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a: Cambridge English IELTS sample papers<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ielts.org\/test_takers_information\/test_sample\/listening_sample.aspx\">http:\/\/www.ielts.org\/test_takers_information\/test_sample\/listening_sample.aspx<\/a><br \/>08\/12\/2015<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0420\u0410\u0417\u0414\u0415\u041b \u201e\u0427\u0415\u0422\u0415\u041d\u0415\u201c<\/u><\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>ELPT \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b: \u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0435 1<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>[\u0417\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043a\u0430: \u0422\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u044a\u0441 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0436 \u201e\u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0435\u201c \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u044a\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438. \u0422\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u044a\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0449 \u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u044a\u0441, \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>\u0441\u0443\u0431\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442 \u0434\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>\u0437\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430.]<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>All these activities may have damaging environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation; chemical fertilisers and pesticides may contaminate water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerbate soil erosion; and the spread of monoculture and use of highyielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some insurance against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the productivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United States, where the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil\u2019s productivity. The country subsequently embarked upon a program to convert 11 per cent of its cropped land to meadow or forest. Topsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than in America.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Government policies have frequently compounded the environmental damage that farming can cause. In the rich countries, subsidies for growing crops and price supports for farm output drive up the price of land. The annual value of these subsidies is immense: about $250 billion, or more than all World Bank lending in the 1980s. To increase the output of crops per acre, a farmer\u2019s easiest option is to use more of the most readily available inputs: fertilisers and pesticides. Fertiliser use doubled in Denmark in the period 1960-1985 and increased in The Netherlands by 150 per cent. The quantity of pesticides applied has risen too: by 69 per cent in 1975-1984 in Denmark, for example, with a rise of 115 per cent in the frequency of application in the three years from 1981.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>In the late 1980s and early 1990s some efforts were made to reduce farm subsidies. The most dramatic example was that of New Zealand, which scrapped most farm support in 1984. A study of the environmental effects, conducted in 1993, found that the end of fertiliser subsidies had been followed by a fall in fertiliser use (a fall compounded by the decline in world commodity prices, which cut farm incomes). The removal of subsidies also stopped land-clearing and over-stocking, which in the past had been the principal causes of erosion. Farms began to diversify. The one kind of subsidy whose removal appeared to have been bad for the environment was the subsidy to manage soil erosion.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>In less enlightened countries, and in the European Union, the trend has been to reduce rather than eliminate subsidies, and to introduce new payments to encourage farmers to treat their land in environmentally friendlier ways, or to leave it fallow. It may sound strange but such payments need to be higher than the existing incentives for farmers to grow food crops. Farmers, however, dislike being paid to do nothing. In several countries they have become interested in the possibility of using fuel produced from crop residues either as a replacement for petrol (as ethanol) or as fuel for power stations (as biomass). Such fuels produce far less carbon dioxide than coal or oil, and absorb carbon dioxide as they grow. They are therefore less likely to contribute to the greenhouse effect. But they are rarely competitive with fossil fuels unless subsidised \u2013 and growing them does no less environmental harm than other crops.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0412\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0435 1<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>\u0412\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438 1 \u2013 3<\/em><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u0418\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0438 <strong>A<\/strong>, <strong>B<\/strong>, <strong>C <\/strong>\u0438\u043b\u0438 <strong>D<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/em><em>\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438 1-3 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>1 Research completed in 1982 found that in the United States soil erosion<\/p>\n<p><strong>A <\/strong>reduced the productivity of farmland by 20 per cent.<\/p>\n<p><strong>B <\/strong>was almost as severe as in India and China.<\/p>\n<p><strong>C <\/strong>was causing significant damage to 20 per cent of farmland.<\/p>\n<p><strong>D <\/strong>could be reduced by converting cultivated land to meadow or forest.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>2 By the mid-1980s, farmers in Denmark<\/p>\n<p><strong>A <\/strong>used 50 per cent less fertiliser than Dutch farmers.<\/p>\n<p><strong>B <\/strong>used twice as much fertiliser as they had in 1960.<\/p>\n<p><strong>C <\/strong>applied fertiliser much more frequently than in 1960.<\/p>\n<p><strong>D <\/strong>more than doubled the amount of pesticide they used in just 3 years.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>3 Which one of the following increased in New Zealand after 1984?<\/p>\n<p><strong>A <\/strong>farm incomes<\/p>\n<p><strong>B <\/strong>use of fertiliser<\/p>\n<p><strong>C <\/strong>over-stocking<\/p>\n<p><strong>D <\/strong>farm diversification<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>ELPT \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b: \u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0435 2<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Risk of Cigarette Smoke<\/p>\n<p>Discovered in the early 1800s and named \u2018nicotianine\u2019, the oily essence now called nicotine is the main active ingredient of tobacco. Nicotine, however, is only a small component of cigarette smoke, which contains more than 4,700 chemical compounds, including 43 cancer-causing substances. In recent times, scientific research has been providing evidence that years of cigarette smoking\u00a0vastly increases the risk of developing fatal medical conditions.<\/p>\n<p>In addition to being responsible for more than 85 per cent of lung cancers, smoking is associated with cancers of, amongst others, the mouth, stomach and kidneys, and is thought to cause about 14 per cent of leukemia and cervical cancers. In 1990, smoking caused more than 84,000 deaths, mainly resulting from such problems as pneumonia, bronchitis and influenza. Smoking, it is believed, is responsible for 30 per cent of all deaths from cancer and clearly represents the most important preventable cause of cancer in countries like the United States today.<\/p>\n<p>Passive smoking, the breathing in of the side-stream smoke from the burning of tobacco between puffs or of the smoke exhaled by a smoker, also causes a serious health risk. A report published in 1992 by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emphasized the health dangers, especially from side-stream smoke. This type of smoke contains more smaller particles and is therefore more\u00a0likely to be deposited deep in the lungs. On the basis of this report, the EPA has classified environmental tobacco smoke in the highest risk category for causing cancer.<\/p>\n<p>As an illustration of the health risks, in the case of a married couple where one partner is a smoker and one a non-smoker, the latter is believed to have a 30 per cent higher risk of death from heart disease because of passive smoking. The risk of lung cancer also increases over the years of exposure and the figure jumps to 80 per cent if the spouse has been smoking four packs a day for 20 years. It\u00a0has been calculated that 17 per cent of cases of lung cancer can be attributed to high levels of exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke during childhood and adolescence.<\/p>\n<p>A more recent study by researchers at the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) has shown that second-hand cigarette smoke does more harm to non-smokers than to smokers. Leaving aside the philosophical question of whether anyone should have to breathe someone else\u2019s cigarette smoke, the report suggests that the smoke experienced by many people in their daily lives is enough to produce substantial adverse effects on a person\u2019s heart and lungs.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>The report, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (AMA), was based on the researchers\u2019 own earlier research but also includes a review of studies over the past few years. The American Medical Association represents about half of all US doctors and is a strong opponent of smoking. The study suggests that people who smoke cigarettes are continually damaging their cardiovascular system, which adapts in order to compensate for the effects of smoking. It further states that people who do not smoke do not have the benefit of their system adapting to the smoke inhalation. Consequently, the effects of passive smoking are far greater on non-smokers than on smokers.<\/p>\n<p>This report emphasizes that cancer is not caused by a single element in cigarette smoke; harmful effects to health are caused by many components. Carbon monoxide, for example, competes with oxygen in red blood cells and interferes with the blood\u2019s ability to deliver life-giving oxygen to the heart. Nicotine and other toxins in cigarette smoke activate small blood cells called platelets, which\u00a0increases the likelihood of blood clots, thereby affecting blood circulation throughout the body.<\/p>\n<p>The researchers criticize the practice of some scientific consultants who work with the tobacco industry for assuming that cigarette smoke has the same impact on smokers as it does on non-smokers. They argue that those scientists are underestimating the damage done by passive smoking and, in support of their recent findings, cite some previous research which points to passive smoking as the cause for between 30,000 and 60,000 deaths from heart attacks each year in the United States. This means that passive smoking is the third most preventable cause of death after active smoking and alcohol-related diseases.<\/p>\n<p>The study argues that the type of action needed against passive smoking should be similar to that being taken against illegal drugs and AIDS (SIDA). The UCSF researchers maintain that the simplest and most cost-effective action is to establish smoke-free work places, schools and public places.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0412\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0435 2<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><em>\u0412\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438 4 \u2013 7<\/em><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in the reading passage?<\/p>\n<p><em>\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438 4-7 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>YES <\/em><\/strong><em>if the statement reflects the claims of the writer<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>NO <\/em><\/strong><em>if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>NOT GIVEN <\/em><\/strong><em>if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>4 <\/strong>Thirty per cent of deaths in the United States are caused by smoking-related\u00a0diseases.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5 <\/strong>If one partner in a marriage smokes, the other is likely to take up smoking.<\/p>\n<p><strong>6 <\/strong>Teenagers whose parents smoke are at risk of getting lung cancer at some time\u00a0during their lives.<\/p>\n<p><strong>7 <\/strong>Opponents of smoking financed the UCSF study.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>ELPT \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b: \u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0435 3<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>[\u0417\u0430\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0436\u043a\u0430: \u0422\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u044a\u0441 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0436 \u201e\u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0435\u201c \u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435. \u0422\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u044a\u0442, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0449 \u0442\u043e\u0437\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u044a\u0441, \u0438\u0437\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435.]<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>The invention of rockets is linked inextricably with the invention of \u2018black powder\u2019. Most historians of technology credit the Chinese with its discovery. They base their belief on studies of Chinese writings or on the notebooks of early Europeans who settled in or made long visits to China to study its history and civilisation. It is probable that, some time in the tenth century, black powder was first compounded from its basic ingredients of saltpetre, charcoal and sulphur. But this does not mean that it was immediately used to propel rockets. By the thirteenth century, powderpropelled fire arrows had become rather common. The Chinese relied on this type of technological development to produce incendiary projectiles of many sorts, explosive grenades and possibly cannons to repel their enemies. One such weapon was the \u2018basket of fire\u2019 or, as directly translated from Chinese, the \u2018arrows like flying leopards\u2019. The 0.7 metre-long arrows, each with a long tube of gunpowder attached near the point of each arrow, could be fired from a long, octagonal-shaped basket at the same time and had a range of 400 paces. Another weapon was the \u2018arrow as a flying sabre\u2019, which could be fired from crossbows. The rocket, placed in a similar position to other rocket-propelled arrows, was designed to increase the range. A small iron weight was attached to the 1.5m bamboo shaft, just below the feathers, to increase the arrow\u2019s stability by moving the centre of gravity to a position below the rocket. At a similar time, the Arabs had developed the \u2018egg which moves and burns\u2019. This \u2018egg\u2019 was apparently full of gunpowder and stabilised by a 1.5m tail. It was fired using two rockets attached to either side of this tail.<\/p>\n<p>It was not until the eighteenth century that Europe became seriously interested in the possibilities of using the rocket itself as a weapon of war and not just to propel other weapons. Prior to this, rockets were used only in pyrotechnic displays. The incentive for the more aggressive use of rockets came not from within the European continent but from far-away India, whose leaders had built up a corps of rocketeers and used rockets successfully against the British in the late eighteenth century. The Indian rockets used against the British were described by a British Captain serving in India as \u2018an iron envelope about 200 millimetres long and 40 millimetres in diameter with sharp points at the top and a 3m-long bamboo guiding stick\u2019. In the early nineteenth century the British began to experiment with incendiary barrage rockets. The British rocket differed from the Indian version in that it was completely encased in a stout, iron cylinder, terminating in a conical head, measuring one metre in diameter and having a stick almost five metres long and constructed in such a way that it could be firmly attached to the body of the rocket. The Americans developed a rocket, complete with its own launcher, to use against the Mexicans in the mid-nineteenth century. A long cylindrical tube was propped up by two sticks and fastened to the top of the launcher, thereby allowing the rockets to be inserted and lit from the other end. However, the results were sometimes not that impressive as the behaviour of the rockets in flight was less than predictable.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0412\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0435 3<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>\u0412\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438 8 \u2013 11<\/em><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u041f\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438 (8-11) \u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044a\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0438 \u043f\u043e-\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0443.\u00a0<\/em><em>\u0421\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0430 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u044a\u0441 \u0441\u044a\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430 (\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u044a\u0432 \u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0441\u044a\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e).<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><strong><em>* <\/em><\/strong><em>\u041c\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u0435 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044a\u0436.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>8 black powder<\/p>\n<p>9 rocket-propelled arrows for fighting<\/p>\n<p>10 rockets as war weapons<\/p>\n<p>11 the rocket launcher<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>First invented or used by<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0410 <\/strong>the Chinese<\/p>\n<p><strong>B <\/strong>the Indians<\/p>\n<p><strong>C <\/strong>the British<\/p>\n<p><strong>D <\/strong>the Arabs<\/p>\n<p><strong>E <\/strong>the Americans<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0412\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0435 4<\/strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u0412\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438 12 \u2013 16<\/em><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u0418\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 A-D \u0438 F \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044a\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u044a\u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e-\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0443.\u00a0<\/em><em>\u0412\u044a\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 i-ix \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 12-16 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0441 \u043e\u0442\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><strong>\u0421\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044a\u043a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>i<\/strong> The probable effects of the new international trade agreement<\/p>\n<p><strong>ii<\/strong> The environmental impact of modern farming<\/p>\n<p><strong>iii<\/strong> Farming and soil erosion<\/p>\n<p><strong>iv<\/strong> The effects of government policy in rich countries<\/p>\n<p><strong>v<\/strong> Governments and management of the environment<\/p>\n<p><strong>vi<\/strong> The effects of government policy in poor countries<\/p>\n<p><strong>vii<\/strong> Farming and food output<\/p>\n<p><strong>viii<\/strong> The effects of government policy on food output<\/p>\n<p><strong>ix<\/strong> The new prospects for world trade<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>12 Section <strong>A<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>13 Section <strong>B<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>14 Section <strong>C<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>15 Section <strong>D<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>16 Section <strong>E<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>17 Section <strong>F<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Section A<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The role of governments in environmental management is difficult but inescapable. Sometimes,\u00a0the state tries to manage the resources it owns, and does so badly. Often, however,\u00a0governments act in an even more harmful way. They actually subsidise the exploitation and\u00a0consumption of natural resources. A whole range of policies, from farm-price support to\u00a0protection for coal-mining, do environmental damage and (often) make no economic sense.\u00a0Scrapping them offers a two-fold bonus: a cleaner environment and a more efficient economy.\u00a0Growth and environmentalism can actually go hand in hand, if politicians have the courage to\u00a0confront the vested interest that subsidies create.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Section B<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>No activity affects more of the earth\u2019s surface than farming. It shapes a third of the planet\u2019s land\u00a0area, not counting Antarctica, and the proportion is rising. World food output per head has risen\u00a0by 4 per cent between the 1970s and 1980s mainly as a result of increases in yields from land\u00a0already in cultivation, but also because more land has been brought under the plough. Higher\u00a0yields have been achieved by increased irrigation, better crop breeding, and a doubling in the\u00a0use of pesticides and chemical fertilisers in the 1970s and 1980s.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Section C<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>All these activities may have damaging environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for\u00a0agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation; chemical fertilisers and pesticides may\u00a0contaminate water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend\u00a0to exacerbate soil erosion; and the spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of\u00a0crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants which might\u00a0have provided some insurance against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the\u00a0productivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United States, where the most careful\u00a0measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was\u00a0losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil\u2019s productivity. The country subsequently\u00a0embarked upon a program to convert 11 per cent of its cropped land to meadow or forest.\u00a0Topsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than in America.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Section D<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Government policies have frequently compounded the environmental damage that farming can\u00a0cause. In the rich countries, subsidies for growing crops and price supports for farm output\u00a0drive up the price of land. The annual value of these subsidies is immense: about $250 billion,\u00a0or more than all World Bank lending in the 1980s. To increase the output of crops per acre, a\u00a0farmer\u2019s easiest option is to use more of the most readily available inputs: fertilisers and\u00a0pesticides. Fertiliser use doubled in Denmark in the period 1960-1985 and increased in The\u00a0Netherlands by 150 per cent. The quantity of pesticides applied has risen too: by 69 per cent in\u00a01975-1984 in Denmark, for example, with a rise of 115 per cent in the frequency of application\u00a0in the three years from 1981.\u00a0In the late 1980s and early 1990s some efforts were made to reduce farm subsidies. The most\u00a0dramatic example was that of New Zealand, which scrapped most farm support in 1984. A\u00a0study of the environmental effects, conducted in 1993, found that the end of fertiliser subsidies\u00a0had been followed by a fall in fertiliser use (a fall compounded by the decline in world\u00a0commodity prices, which cut farm incomes). The removal of subsidies also stopped landclearing\u00a0and over-stocking, which in the past had been the principal causes of erosion. Farms\u00a0began to diversify. The one kind of subsidy whose removal appeared to have been bad for the\u00a0environment was the subsidy to manage soil erosion.\u00a0In less enlightened countries, and in the European Union, the trend has been to reduce\u00a0rather than eliminate subsidies, and to introduce new payments to encourage farmers to\u00a0treat their land in environmentally friendlier ways, or to leave it fallow. It may sound\u00a0strange but such payments need to be higher than the existing incentives for farmers to\u00a0grow food crops.\u00a0Farmers, however, dislike being paid to do nothing. In several countries they have become\u00a0interested in the possibility of using fuel produced from crop residues either as a\u00a0replacement for petrol (as ethanol) or as fuel for power stations (as biomass). Such fuels\u00a0produce far less carbon dioxide than coal or oil, and absorb carbon dioxide as they grow.\u00a0They are therefore less likely to contribute to the greenhouse effect. But they are rarely\u00a0competitive with fossil fuels unless subsidised \u2013 and growing them does no less\u00a0environmental harm than other crops.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Section E<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In poor countries, governments aggravate other sorts of damage. Subsidies for pesticides\u00a0and artificial fertilisers encourage farmers to use greater quantities than are needed to get\u00a0the highest economic crop yield. A study by the International Rice Research Institute of\u00a0pesticide use by farmers in South East Asia found that, with pest-resistant varieties of rice,\u00a0even moderate applications of pesticide frequently cost farmers more than they saved.\u00a0Such waste puts farmers on a chemical treadmill: bugs and weeds become resistant to\u00a0poisons, so next year\u2019s poisons must be more lethal. One cost is to human health. Every\u00a0year some 10,000 people die from pesticide poisoning, almost all of them in the developing\u00a0countries, and another 400,000 become seriously ill. As for artificial fertilisers, their use\u00a0world-wide increased by 40 per cent per unit of farmed land between the mid 1970s and\u00a0late 1980s, mostly in the developing countries. Overuse of fertilisers may cause farmers to\u00a0stop rotating crops or leaving their land fallow. That, in turn, may make soil erosion worse.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Section F<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A result of the Uruguay Round of world trade negotiations is likely to be a reduction of 36\u00a0per cent in the average levels of farm subsidies paid by the rich countries in 1986-1990.\u00a0Some of the world\u2019s food production will move from Western Europe to regions where\u00a0subsidies are lower or non-existent, such as the former communist countries and parts of\u00a0the developing world. Some environmentalists worry about this outcome. It will\u00a0undoubtedly mean more pressure to convert natural habitat into farmland. But it will also\u00a0have many desirable environmental effects. The intensity of farming in the rich world\u00a0should decline, and the use of chemical inputs will diminish. Crops are more likely to be\u00a0grown in the environments to which they are naturally suited. And more farmers in poor\u00a0countries will have the money and the incentive to manage their land in ways that are\u00a0sustainable in the long run. That is important. To feed an increasingly hungry world,\u00a0farmers need every incentive to use their soil and water effectively and efficiently.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>ELPT \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b: \u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0435 1-4<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u041e\u0422\u0413\u041e\u0412\u041e\u0420\u0418<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 1<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>1 <\/strong>C<\/p>\n<p><strong>2 <\/strong>B<\/p>\n<p><strong>3 <\/strong>D<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 2<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>4 <\/strong>NO<\/p>\n<p><strong>5 <\/strong>NOT GIVEN<\/p>\n<p><strong>6 <\/strong>YES<\/p>\n<p><strong>7 <\/strong>NOT GIVEN<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>8 A<\/p>\n<p>9 A<\/p>\n<p>10 B<\/p>\n<p>11 E<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0430 4<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>12 v<\/p>\n<p>13 vii<\/p>\n<p>14 ii<\/p>\n<p>15 iv<\/p>\n<p>16 vi<\/p>\n<p>17 i<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u0418\u0437\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a: Cambridge English IELTS sample papers<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ielts.org\/test_takers_information\/test_sample\/academic_reading_sample.aspx\">http:\/\/www.ielts.org\/test_takers_information\/test_sample\/academic_reading_sample.aspx<\/a><br \/>08\/12\/2015<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0420\u0410\u0417\u0414\u0415\u041b \u201e\u041f\u0418\u0421\u0410\u041d\u0415\u201c<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Some people say that the best way to improve public health is by increasing the number of sports facilities. Others, however, say that this would have little effect on public health and that other measures are required.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435 250 \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0438.\u00a0\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0432\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041f\u0420\u0418\u041c\u0415\u0420\u0415\u041d \u041e\u0422\u0413\u041e\u0412\u041e\u0420<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0422\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0435 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0437\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0431\u044a\u0440 \u043e\u0442\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440:<\/p>\n<p>A problem of modern societies is the declining level of health in the general population. with conflicting views on how to tackle this worrying trend. One possible solution is to provide more sports facilities to encourage a more active lifestyle.<\/p>\n<p>Advocates of this believe that todays sedentary lifestyle and stressful working conditions mean that physical activity is no longer part of either our work or our leisure time. If there were easy to-reach local sports centres. we would be more likely to make exercise a regular part of our lives, rather than just collapsing in front of a screen every evening, The variety of sports that could be offered would cater for all ages, levels of fitness and interests: those with painful memories of PE at school might be happier in the swimming pool than on the football pitch.<\/p>\n<p>However. there may be better ways of tackling this problem. Interest in sport is not universal. and additional facilities might simply attract the already ht. not those who most need them. Physical activity could be encouraged relatively cheaply. For example by installing exercise equipment in parks. as my local council has done. This has the added benefit that parents and children often use them together just for fun, which develops a positive attitude to exercise at an early age.<\/p>\n<p>As well as physical activity. high tax penalties could be imposed on high fat food products. tobacco and alcohol. as excessive consumption of any of these contributes to poor health. Even improving public transport would help: it takes longer to walk to the bus stop than to the car.<\/p>\n<p>In my opinion, focusing on sports facilities is too narrow an approach and would not have the desired results. People should be encouraged not only to be more physically active but also to adopt a healthier lifestyle in general.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u0418\u0437\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a: Cambridge English 2013 <em>Cambridge IELTS 9 <\/em>Cambridge University Press<\/p>\n<p>\u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0443\u043a:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/obrazovanie.co.uk\/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82-%D0%BF%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA-%D0%B2-%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8\/\"><strong>\u0412\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 1<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/obrazovanie.co.uk\/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82-%D0%BF%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA-%D0%B2-%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8-2\/\"><strong>\u0412\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 2<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/obrazovanie.co.uk\/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC-%D0%B2-%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87\/\"><strong>\u041a\u044a\u043c \u0443\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0422\u0423\u041a.<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>\u0410\u043a\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0434\u0430 \u0412\u0438 \u0441\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u044a\u043b\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u044a\u0432 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f,\u00a0 \u0441\u0432\u044a\u0440\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u0435 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u043d\u0430 <a href=\"http:\/\/help4bg.co.uk\/mailto:info@help4bg.co.uk\">info@help4bg.co.uk<\/a>, \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0444\u043e\u043d 0208 144 8408 \u0438 0778 606 7076.<\/b><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u044a\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438. \u0415\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442: \u00a0 \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a \u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044a\u0442 ELPT. \u0422\u043e\u0439 \u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d, \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0422\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044a\u0442 \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u044a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0449\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[63],"class_list":["post-666","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-polezno","tag-sadejstvie-za-kandidatstvane-v-kolezhi-i-universiteti-vav-velikobritaniya"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0438\u0437\u043f\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 - \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 3 ~ Chikov<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/chikov.com\/en\/primeren-izpit-po-anglijski-ezik-v-britanski-universitet-variant-3\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0438\u0437\u043f\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 - \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 3 ~ Chikov\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0412 \u043d\u044f\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0435 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u044a\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438. \u0415\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442: \u00a0 \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a \u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044a\u0442 ELPT. \u0422\u043e\u0439 \u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d, \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0422\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044a\u0442 \u0441\u0435 \u0441\u044a\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e \u0449\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435 [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/chikov.com\/en\/primeren-izpit-po-anglijski-ezik-v-britanski-universitet-variant-3\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Chikov\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-11-29T18:04:48+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"websika\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"websika\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"21 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chikov.com\/primeren-izpit-po-anglijski-ezik-v-britanski-universitet-variant-3\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chikov.com\/primeren-izpit-po-anglijski-ezik-v-britanski-universitet-variant-3\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"websika\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chikov.com\/#\/schema\/person\/f1527d7bc191c6d7a97d7904edac5ea4\"},\"headline\":\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0438\u0437\u043f\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 &#8211; \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 3\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-11-29T18:04:48+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chikov.com\/primeren-izpit-po-anglijski-ezik-v-britanski-universitet-variant-3\/\"},\"wordCount\":5476,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chikov.com\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"\u0421\u044a\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u044a\u0432 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\"],\"articleSection\":[\"\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/chikov.com\/primeren-izpit-po-anglijski-ezik-v-britanski-universitet-variant-3\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/chikov.com\/primeren-izpit-po-anglijski-ezik-v-britanski-universitet-variant-3\/\",\"name\":\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0438\u0437\u043f\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0437\u0438\u043a \u0432 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 - 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